Raichur District

Provision of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years is a constitutional directive. The recent efforts to make education a fundamental right reflect an increased national commitment to achieve the goal of Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE). There has been a demand from parents for attention to the education of their children. Simultaneous efforts were taken to focus on the universalisation of primary education. The district has made steady progress in achieving universalisation of elementary education, though the progress has been uneven in different blocks. Increasing enrolment, retention and achievement at the primary stage has in turn generated growing demand for upper primary education. Consequently, achievement of UEE depends now, along with continuing efforts at the primary stage, on a focus on the upper primary stage. The task that remains is to consolidate the gains and carry forward critical interventions in the context of achieving UEE.

Raichur district, being one of the DPEP Phase-1 districts, requires planning for UEE according to a realisable and realistic time frame. The plan has been developed keeping the following three major components. The first are the supply side interventions which comprise conventional mechanisms already existing in the state, and include the opening of schools, provision of teachers, construction and maintenance of buildings, as well as the entire gamut of incentives provided to children in the form of food grains, textbooks, uniforms, etc., to enhance enrolment and attendance. On this side of the spectrum greater attention will have to be paid to providing alternate schooling. The second major component would be those that can broadly come under interventions promoting ‘demand’ for schooling. These would principally comprise community based interventions. This would include efforts at strengthening people’s groups (VECs & SDMCs), and using other media to enhance community awareness, such as kala jathas and chinnara melas. These two components require to be backed by adequate provisions in the budgets. The third major component for successful planning for UEE could broadly be categorised under institutional support. This would principally necessitate a major initiative to reform the existing management structures. In specific terms this would mean a re-orientation of the education system to make it move away from a regulatory framework to one that focuses on programme support within a child centered approach. An efficient management structure will also require the successful implementation of an educational MIS, which takes advantage of technology and is at the same time cost effective and sustainable. Quality in education is the major concern in the field of education these days. However quality is an abstract concept and also a relative one. Transforming this abstract concept into a reality is a challenge before us. The above discussed three components of education center round Quality in education. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is perhaps the last effort by the Government of India to achieve its constitutional obligation of providing compulsory Elementary Education to all children of age group 6-14 years. It is a response to the demand for quality education. Its main objective is to see that all children are in the schools, or in education guarantee centres or in alternative schools by 2003, enable these children to complete primary schooling by 2007 and elementary schooling by 2010. It also aims at bridging all gender and socials gaps in elementary schooling by 2010 and achieve 100% universal retention by 2010. During 2004-05, 1807 out of school children were identified of which 282 children were brought to the educational mainstream through summer bridge course camps. 1495 children were mainstreamed through Baa Marali Shaalege, a campaign to bring back dropout and never enrolled children and Baa Baale Shaalege campaigns. 10 EGS centres were started and 491 children were provided access to schooling within a distance of 1 km. All this and more helped the district to make the GER stable at 104 and the RR to 81. 180 additional classrooms are being constructed by the SDMCs. Children in 125 schools were enabled to have access to toilet facility and clean drinking water facility. Teachers were given training of various kinds to improve their professional competencies.

A core team was constituted in the district to prepare the Annual Work plan for the year 2005-06 consisting of following members. 1) Principal of the DIET 2) Senior lecturer of P&M unit of DIET 3) Project Coordinator 4) Deputy Project Coordinator 5) Personalities interested in the cause of education 6) NGOs working in the cause of education 7) President of the Teachers Association in the district. 8) The BEOs and BRCs of all the blocks. The core team at the block level discussed the institution level education plans and consolidated and developed the block level education plans which were then discussed in a few habitations, and the perceptions of the leaders, parents etc were taken in to consideration. The district team in-turn consolidated and prepared the Annual Work plan for the district for the year 2005-06 in consultation with voluntary organisations, educationists and officers of the various departments.

Educationally the district has better facilities. There are colleges of engineering, medicine, nursing, dental sciences, post graduate courses, agricultural sciences, business management etc catering to the needs of higher education. (Educational Institutions at Raichur).

The literacy in the district is given under.

Category	1991	2001	% of Decadal Increase
Male	46.75	62.02	15.27
Female	21.70	36.84	15.14
Total	34.34	49.54	15.20

The above table shows that the literacy has increased by 15.20% over the decade. But still it is much below the state average of 56.04. Literacy of the district, block wise for the year 2001 is given below

Block	Area	2001
		Male	Female	Total
Deodurga	Rural	41.69	20.89	31.37
	Urban	50.12	36.30	43.40
	Total	45.10	28.59	37.38
Lingsugur	Rural	50.58	24.92	37.88
	Urban	68.39	48.00	58.45
	Total	59.49	36.46	48.16
Manvi	Rural	44.42	24.00	34.24
	Urban	54.51	38.60	46.68
	Total	49.46	31.30	40.46
Raichur	Rural	43.35	20.78	32.13
	Urban	68.79	56.11	62.63
	Total	56.07	38.45	47.38
Sindhanur	Rural	52.75	29.20	40.94
	Urban	62.69	44.20	53.67
	Total	57.72	36.70	47.31
Total	Rural	46.55	23.95	35.31
	Urban	60.90	44.64	52.96
	Total	62.02	36.84	49.54

The above table shows that the literacy of Deodurga block is the lowest in the district especially in the female literacy. However the female literacy is remarkably low in almost all the blocks of the district compared to that of the male literacy.

Access: The district has 1465 primary schools having classes I to V of which 524 are higher primary schools having classes I to VII. This is inclusive of Government Schools / Aided Schools / Unaided schools. There are 1308 Anganwadi centres run by the Department of Women & Child Development. Below is given the no of schools category-wise.

SNo	Block	No. of Schools
		LPS				HPS
		Govt.	Aided	UnAided	Total	Govt.	Aided	UnAided	Total
1	Deodurga	155	0	11	166	69	1	6	76
2	Lingsugur	180	0	14	194	91	1	19	111
3	Manvi	168	0	33	201	71	2	18	91
4	Raichur	154	3	10	167	87	11	27	125
5	Sindhanur	155	0	36	191	88	5	28	121
	Total	812	3	104	919	406	20	98	524

Source : EMIS 2004-05 The HPS schools consist of classes I – VII and thus the number of schools providing access to primary schooling are 1465. To move towards the national norm of elementary education, eighth standard is added to 56 Upper primary schools during 2003-04. However majority of UPS remain at the seventh standard level. There are 1086 habitations in the district. According to the household survey most of the habitations having a population of 200 and above and child population of 15 and above are provided with access for primary schools within a distance of 1 km. Some of the towns and big villages may have more than one school. Following table shows habitation wise access to primary schooling with in 1 km.

SNo	Block	No of habitations having more than 200 population	Number habitations having primary schools within 1 km.	% of Access
1	Deodurga	166	166	100
2	Lingsugur	194	194	100
3	Manvi	201	201	100
4	Raichur	167	167	100
5	Sindhanur	191	191	100
	Total	919	919	100

Following table shows habitation wise access to upper primary schooling with in 3 kms.

SNo	Block	No of habitations having more than 200 population	Number habitations having primary schools within 3km.	% of Access
1	Deodurga	166	166	100
2	Lingsugur	194	183	98
3	Manvi	201	201	100
4	Raichur	167	167	100
5	Sindhanur	191	191	100
	Total	919	908

Each primary school is serving on an average 1125 population in the district and an upper primary school is serving on an average 3086 populations in the district. During 2002-03 Class V was added to Primary schooling and classes VI &VII were put under Upper Primary Schooling. As a result there is a revision of number of primary and upper primary schools in the district. Enrollment: As per EMIS data 2004-05 the total enrollment of the district in classes I-VII is 2,91,203 of which 1,54,207 are boys & 1,36,996 are girls. In respect of Scheduled Caste the enrollment is 61,506 of them 33,176 are boys and 28,330 are girls. In respect of Scheduled Tribes it is 53,512 of which 29,099 are boys and 24,413 are girls. The children of SC account for 21.12 % of the total enrollment of which boys account for 53.93% and girls account for 46.07 %. Similarly the children of ST account for 18.37 % of the total enrollment of which boys account for 54.37 % and girls 45.62 %. Block wise enrollment of the children in Lower primary and Upper primary classes block wise is given below.

SNo	Block	Classes I - V			Classes VI & VII			Total
		Boys	Girls	Total	Boys	Girls	Total
1	Deodurga	18466	16923	35389	4201	2842	7043	42432
2	Lingsugur	23721	21376	45097	7053	5309	12362	57459
3	Manvi	24544	22252	46796	6256	4523	10779	57575
4	Raichur	26890	25010	51900	8030	6510	14540	66440
5	Sindhanur	27500	25984	53484	7546	6267	13813	67297
	Total	121121	111545	232666	33086	25451	58537	291203

Source : EMIS 2004-05 GER : GER of the district is given in the table below.

SNo	Block	GER(All)			GER(Boys)			GER(Girls)
		Total	SC	ST	Total	SC	ST	Total	SC	ST
1	Deodurga	107	105	104	107	104	104	107	106	101
2	Lingsugur	108	105	103	107	105	102	108	105	103
3	Manvi	110	114	103	109	110	103	112	119	103
4	Raichur	91	83	101	90	80	101	92	86	101
5	Sindhanur	111	111	115	111	108	113	112	114	118
	Total	104	101	104	104	99	104	105	104	105

Source: EMIS 2004-05 GER in the district is 104 with 104 for boys and 105 for girls. GER for SC boys is 99 and for SC girls is 104, while it is 104, with 104 for ST boys and 105 for ST girls. The enrollment of the children has reached stability over the years. The mainstreaming of out of school children over the years has helped the district in achieving stability in enrollment.

NER : NER of the district is given in the table below.

SNo	Block	NER (All)	NER (Boys)	NER (Girls)
1	Deodurga	86.29	87.86	84.51
2	Lingsugur	88.03	89.90	85.89
3	Manvi	96.42	94.20	99.01
4	Raichur	77.30	75.00	79.91
5	Sindhanur	100.00	100.00	99.12
	Total	89.13	88.82	89.47

Source: EMIS 2004-05 NER in the district is with 88.82 for boys and 89.47 for girls. The net enrollment of the children has reached stability over the years. The mainstreaming of out of school children over the years has helped the district in achieving stability in net enrollment.

RETENTION :

Retention rates of the children in the district are given in the table below.

SNo	Block	Retention Rate at Primary Level (Classes I-V)
		All			SC			ST
		Boys	Girls	Total	Boys	Girls	Total	Boys	Girls	Total
1	Deodurga	80	78	79	80	79	79	81	78	79
2	Lingsugur	87	88	88	90	88	89	84	88	86
3	Manvi	78	73	76	75	70	73	79	72	76
4	Raichur	78	74	76	77	74	76	76	72	74
5	Sindhanur	83	89	86	78	86	81	93	105	99
	Total	81	80	81	79	79	79	82	81	82

Source : EMIS 2004-05 Retention rate is a matter of concern. On the basis of the EMIS data for the year 2004-05, the overall retention rate for the children in primary classes, for the district in classes I – V is 81, with 80 for boys and 81 for girls. With respect to children belonging to the Scheduled Castes, retention rate stands at 79 with 79 for boys and 79 for girls. In respect of children belonging to Scheduled Tribes, retention rate is 82 with 82 for boys and 81 for girls.

TEACHERS IN POSITION: In the district 4,772 teachers are working in the Government Primary Schools (both LPS & HPS) as against 5,278 sanctioned posts. 506 posts of teachers are vacant. The table below gives the block-wise position of teachers in the district as on 30.9.04.

SNo	Block	No. of Sanctioned Posts	Teachers in Position			% of Female Teachers	No. of Posts Vacant
			Male	Female	Total
1	Deodurga	869	523	211	734	28.74	135
2	Lingsugur	1208	718	347	1065	32.58	143
3	Manvi	1011	613	309	922	33.51	89
4	Raichur	1191	483	708	1191	59.44	00
5	Sindhanur	999	617	243	860	28.25	139
	Total	5278	2954	1818	4772	38.09	506

During 2003-04, 400 posts of additional teachers were sanctioned for the primary schools of the district. 25 posts were sanctioned for the 25 LPS upgraded to UPS and 56 posts for the UPS added with 8th standard. During 2004-05, the upgraded schools were provided with one more additional teacher totaling 25 teachers. Of this 38.09% of the teachers are female teachers. However inter block variations do exist in the percentage of the female teachers working in various blocks.

Infrastructure facilities:

The infrastructure facilities available in government schools are given below.

SNo	Block	No. of Govt. Schools	Rooms	Water	Toilets	Compound Walls	Electricity
1	Deodurga	224	683	169	207	169	224
2	Lingsugur	271	1123	197	161	144	271
3	Manvi	239	845	170	229	203	239
4	Raichur	241	1154	172	165	130	241
5	Sindhanur	243	760	167	190	141	243
	Total	1218	4565	875	952	787	1218

No-Of High Schools:

SNo	Block	Govt.	Aided	UnAided	Total
1	Deodurga	16	-	9	25
2	Lingsugur	24	5	17	46
3	Manvi	24	-	12	36
4	Raichur	26	11	28	65
5	Sindhanur	18	4	28	50
	Total	108	20	94	222

High School Teachers:

SNo	Block	Govt.	Aided	UnAided	Total
1	Deodurga	154	-	64	218
2	Lingsugur	218	45	128	391
3	Manvi	247	-	96	343
4	Raichur	272	189	224	685
5	Sindhanur	211	37	224	472
	Total	1102	271	736	2109

Block wise and Class wise enrolment of the children in High School:

SNo	Block	Class VIII		Class IX		Class X		Total
		Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
1	Deodurga	1480	776	1069	569	917	485	3466	1830
2	Lingsugur	1215	2972	1315	1094	1016	796	3546	4862
3	Manvi	1677	1333	1605	1212	1662	1043	4944	3588
4	Raichur	2895	3020	2470	2610	2940	2340	8305	7970
5	Sindhanur	2156	1497	1838	1216	1603	1068	5597	3781
	Total	9423	9598	8297	6701	8138	5732	25858	22031

District Administrative Structure & Functioning: The Educational Administrative machinery is headed by the Deputy Director of Public Instruction (DDPI) and is assisted by a team of 2 Educational Officers, 5 Subject Inspectors and one Superintendent of Physical Education, who provide academic guidance at the district level. The D.D.P.I. takes up the academic and administrative inspections of the institutions in the district and also provides educational leadership to the entire district.

Administrative structure & Functioning at the Block Level: At the block level, the Block Educational Officer (BEO) leads the educational machinery supported by a team of 5 Educational Coordinators and Educational Assistants. The Educational Coordinators and the Educational Assistants pay visits to the schools in their jurisdiction and provide guidance for quality improvement in the schools. The BEOs are assisted by the Block Resource Coordinators in the planning, implementation and supervision of the activities under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. The BRCs have 5 resource persons – 2 from the high school cadre and 3 from the primary cadre. These resource persons provide training, academic guidance and on job support to the teachers in their respective blocks.

Administrative structure & Functioning at the Cluster Level: At the cluster level there is a Cluster Resource Person (CRP) who provides academic guidance and on job support to the teachers in their clusters.

District Institute of Education & Training (DIET): A District Institute of Education & Training is established at Yermarus in Raichur district to give academic support for the teachers of primary schools, and also caters to the training needs of teachers working in both the districts of Raichur and Koppal. It is headed by the Principal of the DDPI cadre, and re-designated as ex-Officio DDPI (Development). DIET has 7 units.

1. Pre Service Teachers Education (PSTE)
2. District Resource Unit (DRU)
3. Inservice Training, Field Interaction and Co-ordination (IFIC)
4. Curriculum, Material Development and Evaluation (CMDE)
5. Educational Technology (ET)
6. Work Experience (WE)
7. Planning & Management (P & M) Each unit is headed by a Senior Lecturer and assisted by one or two Lecturers. DIET functions as the academic nucleus of the district in identifying the training needs of teachers, the teaching learning and evaluation processes and accordingly design the need based interventions in the development of training packages, training design and provide academic support to the teacher fraternity. As the district has Block Resource Centres and Cluster Resource Centres, the DIET also functions to coordinate the activities of these sub-district structures in providing training and academic guidance to the teachers. The DIETs also take up the action research studies in the district with a view to bring out innovative ideas and practices in the field of education and shares the same among the teacher fraternity. The DIETs were also involved in conducting the Baseline achievement survey for the programme during 2001.